Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2
Master's degree, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
3
PhD student in the Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary method applied to the analysis of various texts. Norman Fairclough, a prominent theorist in critical discourse analysis, advanced text analysis from mere description to explanation by incorporating elements of ideology, power, and history to interpret texts. His approach later gained attention and was employed to uncover hidden layers in artistic and literary works. This study aims to re-examine Bakhtiar Ali’s novel Sunset of the Butterfly through a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis framework at three levels: description, explanation, and interpretation. Preliminary findings from the perspective of critical discourse analysis indicate that, at the descriptive level, Bakhtiar Ali’s novels narrate stories non-linearly, disregarding chronological order. In his fiction past, present, and future intertwine, making the perception of time challenging for the reader. Additionally, the descriptive language in Ali’s novels flows in a conversational style, with simple and fluid sentences narrated in a tangible and realistic manner. At the levels of explanation and interpretation, the central theme of Ali’s novel reflects the political and social dynamics of Iraqi Kurdistan, manifested through various character archetypes. Each archetype in Ali’s novel represents the collective and individual struggles of the people of Iraqi Kurdistan, including war, regional violence, identity issues, political and economic crises, personal conflicts, traditional challenges, and nationalism. These elements demonstrate that the narrative of Ali’s novel is constructed based on the interplay of political discourse in the socio-historical context of Iraqi Kurdistan.
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