world literature; from universal criteria to cultural pluralism

Along with the development of waves of modernism in the world and the Middle East region, Kurdish poetry has moved towards modernism in a complex and multifaceted relationship with its own and others' literary and cultural heritage, as well as in connection with new global forms and styles. The emergence of the world system and its related economic and political processes has created a cultural and military geography of archives to legitimize reference works and forms. World literature, as it includes the hegemonic processes of European languages and cultures, contains countercurrents that have challenged the European-oriented scales of reference and preferred works of world literature, and by taking advantage of the singularity and specificity of its expression and content, it has achieved a position beyond the local level. The centrist and hierarchical approach, which contains European-oriented tendencies and monopolistic criteria, explains the process of modernization in literature and different languages based on the center-periphery and linear model. The basic question of this research is what alternative approaches, processes of modernism in poetry and its relationship with the waves of modernism in the world and the region have been explained beyond linear and reactive models, and the theoretical and methodological justifications of such explanations in understanding the dynamics and irreducible characteristics of poetry. What is? In the process of analyzing the processes of modernization in Kurdish poetry, this research has dealt with the complexities and multifaceted nature of this process and has emphasized decentralized and multilateral readings in the face of unilinear and Eurocentrism approaches. In the framework of the theories related to the sociology of literature, the ideas of Marshall Berman, Pascal Casanova, Gayatri Spivak, and David Damrosch, and approaches related to world literature, postcolonial and critical critiques, this research analyzes the development process of Kurdish poetry modernism and uses an analytical-descriptive method in the review of texts. It has concluded that due to the relative independence and singularity of the situation of modern Kurdish literature and poetry, its modernization process has an internal, multifaceted, non-linear, and bicentric process.